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Goal: Identify pathophysiologic mechanisms by which risk factors for cardiovascular disease contribute to the increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality seen in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Objectives:

Describe the villain-victim development of hypertension in patients with CKD.
Identify dyslipidemias seen in patients with CKD.
Discuss anemia and its contribution to development of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH).
Describe the development of arterial stiffness in patients with CKD.

Note: The authors reported no actual or potential conflict of interest in relation to this article.

Note: This article is supported by an unrestricted educational grant from Roche. The manuscript has undergone peer review. The information does not necessarily reflect the opinions of ANNA or the sponsor.

Robert Muller MSN, RN, FNP-C

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