Goal: Discuss how long-term imbalances in calcium, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone relate to the development of cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease.
Objectives:
Discuss the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease.
Describe how abnormal plasma calcium, phosphate and PTH levels affect cardiovascular function in patients with chronic kidney disease.
List new treatment goals for calcium, phosphate and PTH levels in patients on dialysis.
Acknowledgment: Writing of this review article was sponsored by an unrestricted educational grant from Bone Care International.
